Friday, August 8, 2014

The global status of whalewatching

I am just about to head off the the International Marine Conservation Congress in Glasgow. While I'm there, amongst other things I'll be presenting on the "Global status of whalewatching" discussing is negative impacts, sustainability, management and potential benefits.

For those that can't attend the meeting, here is a version of the presentation:

 


























Here's the reference list (in order of appearance in actual presentation)

         E. Hoyt, The worldwide value and extent of whale watching,Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, Bath, 1995.
•         E. Hoyt, Whale Watching 2001: Worldwide Tourism Numbers, Expenditures and Expanding Socioeconomic Benefits, International Fund for Animal Welfare, Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts, 2001.
•         S. O. O’Connor, R. Campbell, H. Cortez, and T. Knowles, Whale Watching Worldwide: Tourism Numbers, Expenditures and Expanding Economic Benefits. A Special Report from the International Fund for Animal Welfare, IFAW and Economists at Large, Yarmouth, Mass, USA, 2009.
•         A. M. Cisneros-Montemayor, U. R. Sumaila, K. Kaschner, and D. Pauly, “The global potential for whale watching,” Marine Policy, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1273–1278, 2010.
•         Economist, “The politics of whaling,” The Economist, 9th September, p. 100, 2000.
•         I.L. Beasley, L. Bejder, and H. Marsh, “Dolphin-watching tourism in the Mekong River, Cambodia: A case study of economic interests influencing conservation. Paper presented to the Scientific Committee of the International whaling Commission SC62/WW4, 9pp, 2010.
•         E.C.M. Parsons, “The negative impacts of whale-watching,” Journal of Marine Biology, 2012, 807294, 9pp, 2012.
•         V. M. Janik and P. M. Thompson, “Changes in surfacing patterns of bottlenose dolphins in response to boat traffic,” Marine Mammal Science, vol. 12, pp. 597–602, 1996.
•         G. D. Hastie, B. Wilson, L. H. Tufft, and P. M. Thompson, “Bottlenose dolphins increase breathing synchrony in response to boat traffic,” Marine Mammal Science, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 74–84, 2003. 
•         D. Lusseau, “Male and female bottlenose dolphins Tursiops spp. have different strategies to avoid interactions with tour boats in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 257, pp. 267–274, 2003. 
•         D. Lusseau, “The short-term behavioral reactions of bottlenose dolphins to interactions with boats in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand,” Marine Mammal Science, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 802–818, 2006. 
•         L. Seuront and N. Cribb, “Fractal analysis reveals pernicious stress levels related to boat presence and type in the IndoPacific bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops aduncus,” Physica A, vol. 390, no. 12, pp. 2333–2339, 2011. 
•         E. Stensland and P. Berggren, “Behavioural changes in female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in response to boat-based tourism,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 332, pp. 225–234, 2007. 
•         N. Matsuda, M. Shirakihara, and K. Shirakihara, “Effects of dolphin-watching boats on the behavior of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off Amakusa-Shimoshima Island, Japan,” Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 8–14, 2011 (Japanese). 
•         S. L. Ng and S. Leung, “Behavioral response of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) to vessel traffic,” Marine Environmental Research, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 555–567, 2003. 
•         L. do Valle and F. C. Cunha Melo, “Behavioral alterations in the gray dolphin Sotalia guianensis (Gervais, 1953) caused by sea traffic,” Biotemas, vol. 19, no. 1,  pp. 75–80, 2006.
•         R. Williams, D. E. Bain, J. C. Smith, and D. Lusseau, “Effects of vessel on behaviour patterns of individual southern resident killer whales Orcinus orca,” Endangered Species Research, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 199–209, 2009. 
•         P. J. Corkeron, “Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Hervey Bay, Queensland: behaviour and responses to whale-watching vessels,” Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 73, no. 7, pp. 1290–1299, 1995.
•         G. S. Stone, S. K. Katona, A. Mainwaring, J. M. Allen, and H. D. Corbett, “Respiration and surfacing rates of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) observed from a lighthouse tower,” Reports of the International Whaling Commission, vol. 42, pp. 739–745, 1992. 
•         J. Gordon, R. Leaper, F. G. Hartley, and O. Chappell, Effects of Whale-watching Vessels on the Surface and Underwater Acoustic Behaviour of Sperm Whales off Kaikoura, New Zealand, Science and Research Services Series No. 52, New Zealand Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand, 1992.
•         K. C. Buckstaff, “Effects of watercraft noise on the acoustic behavior of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in Sarasota bay, Florida,” Marine Mammal Science, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 709–725, 2004. 
•         C. Scarpaci, S. W. Bigger, P. J. Corkeron, and D. Nugegoda, “Bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, increase whistling in the presence of “swim-with-dolphin” tour operations,” Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, vol. 2, pp. 183–185, 2000.
•         A. D. Foote, R. W. Osborne, and A. R. Hoelzel, “Whale-call response to masking boat noise,” Nature, vol. 428, no. 6986, article 910, 2004. 
•         R. S. Sousa-Lima and C. W. Clark, “Modeling the effect of boat traffic on the fluctuation of humpback whale singing activity in the Abrolhos National Marine Park, Brazil,” Canadian Acoustics, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 174–181, 2008. 
•         C. Richter, S. Dawson, and E. Slooten, “Impacts of commercial whale watching on male sperm whales at Kaikoura, New Zealand,” Marine Mammal Science, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 46–63, 2006. 
•         L. Bejder, A. Samuels, H. Whitehead, and N. Gales, “Interpreting short-term behavioural responses to disturbance within a longitudinal perspective,” Animal Behaviour, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 1149–1158, 2006.
•          M. C. Mattson, J. A. Thomas, and D. St. Aubin, “The effect of boat activity on the behaviour of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in waters surrounding Hilton Head Island, South Carolina,”Aquatic Mammals, vol. 31, pp. 133–140, 2005.
•         N. Matsuda, M. Shirakihara, and K. Shirakihara, “Effects of dolphin-watching boats on the behavior of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off Amakusa-Shimoshima Island, Japan,” Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 8–14, 2011 (Japanese).
•         G. Timmel, S. Courbis, H. Sargeant-Green, and H. Markowitz, “Effects of human traffic on the movement patterns of Hawaiian spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) in Kealakekua bay, Hawaii,”Aquatic Mammals, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 402–411, 2008. 
•         R. Williams, A. W. Trites, and D. E. Bain, “Behavioural responses of killer whales (Orcinus orca) to whale-watching boats: opportunistic observations and experimental approaches,” Journal of Zoology, vol. 256, no. 2, pp. 255–270, 2002. 
•         M. Scheidat, C. Castro, J. González, and R. Williams, “Behavioural responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to whalewatching boats near Isla de la Plata, Machalilla National Park, Ecuador,” Journal of Cetacean Research & Management, vol. 6, pp. 63–68, 2004.
•         G. De Fatima Filla and E. L. De Araujo Monteiro-Filho, “Monitoring tourism schooners observing estuarine dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) in the Estuarine Complex of Cananéia, south-east Brazil,” Aquatic Conservation, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 772–778, 2009.
•         R. Williams and E. Ashe, “Killer whale evasive tactics vary with boat number,” Journal of Zoology, vol. 272, no. 4, pp. 390–397, 2007.
•         K. A. Stamation, D. B. Croft, P. D. Shaughnessy, K. A. Waples, and S. V. Briggs, “Behavioral responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to whale-watching vessels on the southeastern coast of Australia,” Marine Mammal Science, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 98–122, 2010.
•         F. Christiansen, D. Lusseau, E. Stensland, and P. Berggren, “Effects of tourist boats on the behaviour of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off the south coast of Zanzibar,” Endangered Species Research, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 91–99, 2010.
•         M. C. Allen and A. J. Read, “Habitat selection of foraging bottlenose dolphins in relation to boat density near Clearwater, Florida,” Marine Mammal Science, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 815–824, 2000. 
•         D. Lusseau, “Effects of tour boats on the behavior of bottlenose dolphins: using Markov chains to model anthropogenic impacts,” Conservation Biology, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1785–1793, 2003. 
•         R. Constantine, D. H. Brunton, and T. Dennis, “Dolphin-watching tour boats change bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) behaviour,” Biological Conservation, vol. 117, no. 3, pp. 299–307, 2004. 
•         A. Arcangeli and R. Crosti, “The short-term impact of dolphin-watching on the behaviour of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in western Australia,” Journal of Marine Animals and Their Ecology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 3–9, 2009.
•         K. A. Stockin, D. Lusseau, V. Binedell, N. Wiseman, and M. B. Orams, “Tourism affects the behavioural budget of the common dolphin Delphinus sp. in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 355, pp. 287–295, 2008.
•         M. L. Carrera, E. G. P. Favaro, and A. Souto, “The response of marine tucuxis (Sotalia fluviatilis) towards tourist boats involves avoidance behaviour and a reduction in foraging,” Animal Welfare, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 117–123, 2008. 
•         M. A. Coscarella, S. L. Dans, E. A. Crespo, and S. N. Pedraza, “Potential impact of unregulated dolphin watching activities in Patagonia,” Journal of Cetacean Research & Management, vol. 5, pp. 77–84, 2003.
•         S. L. Dans, E. A. Crespo, S. N. Pedraza, M. Degrati, and G. V. Garaffo, “Dusky dolphin and tourist interaction: effect on diurnal feeding behavior,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 369, pp. 287–296, 2008
•         F. Visser, K. L. Hartman, E. J. J. Rood et al., “Risso's dolphins alter daily resting pattern in response to whale watching at the Azores,” Marine Mammal Science, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 366–381, 2011.
•         R. Williams, D. Lusseau, and P. S. Hammond, “Estimating relative energetic costs of human disturbance to killer whales (Orcinus orca),” Biological Conservation, vol. 133, no. 3, pp. 301–311, 2006. 
•         D. Lusseau, D. E. Bain, R. Williams, and J. C. Smith, “Vessel traffic disrupts the foraging behavior of southern resident killer whales Orcinus orca,” Endangered Species Research, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 211–221, 2009.
•         K. A. Stamation, D. B. Croft, P. D. Shaughnessy, and K. A. Waples, “Observations of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding during their southward migration along the coast of southeastern New South Wales, Australia: identification of a possible supplemental feeding ground,” Aquatic Mammals, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 165–174, 2007.
•         D.W. Laist, A.R. Knowlton, J.G. Mead, A.S. Collet, and M. Podesta, “Collisions between ships and whales,” Marine Mammal Science vol. 17, pp. 35-75R, 2001.
•         Leaper, “Summary of data on ship strikes of large cetaceans from progress reports (1996-2000),” Paper presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission, SC53/BC8, 2001.
•         R.A. Asmutis-Silvia, “An increased risk to whales due to high-speed whale-watching vessels,” Paper presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission SC51/WW11,1999.
•         IWC, Report of the Sub-Committee on Whalewatching, International Whaling Commission, Cambridge, UK, 11pp, 2002.
•         E.C.M. Parsons, and T. Gaillard, “Characteristics of high-speed whalewatching vessels in Scotland,” Paper presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission, SC55/WW2, 2003.
•         B. Garrod, and D.A. Fennell, “An analysis of whalewatching Codes of Conduct,” Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 31, pp. 334-352, 2004.
•         D. Lusseau, “The state of the scenic cruise industry in Doubtful Sound in relation to a key natural resource: bottlenose dolphins,” in M. Hall & S. Boyd (eds.), Nature-based Tourism in Peripheral Areas: Development or Disaster? Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK, 2004.
•         C. Scarpaci, D. Nugegoda, and P.J. Corkeron, Compliance with regulations by “swim-with-dolphins” operations in Port Philip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Environmental Management, vol. 31, pp. 342-347, 2003.
•         C. Scarpaci, D. Nugegoda, and P.J. Corkeron, “No detectable improvement in compliance to regulations by “swim-with-dolphin” operators in Port Philip Bay, Victoria, Australia,” Tourism in Marine. Environments, vol. 1, pp. 41-48, 2004.
•         E. Hoyt, “Sustainable ecotourism on Atlantic Islands, with special reference to whale watching, marine protected areas and sanctuaries for cetaceans,” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. 105B, issue 3, pp. 141-154, 2005.
•         C. Corbelli, “An evaluation of the impact of commercial whale watching on Humpback whales, Megaptera novaengliae, in Newfoundland and Labrador, and of the effectiveness of a voluntary code of conduct as a management strategy,” PhD Thesis, Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2006.
•         A. Sitar, L.J. May-Collado, and E.C.M. Parsons,High levels of non-compliance with whale-watching regulations in Bocas del Toro, Panama and effects of non-compliance on bottlenose dolphin behaviour,” Paper presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission,  SC65b/WW9, 2014.
•         E.C.M. Parsons, C.M. Fortuna, F. Ritter, N.A. Rose, M.P. Simmonds, M. Weinrich, R. Williams, and S. Panigada, “Glossary of whalewatching terms,” Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, vol. 8 , Supplement,  pp. 249-251, 2006.
•         M. Lück, “Education on marine mammal tours as agent for conservation—but do tourists want to be educated?” Ocean and Coastal Management, vol. 46, no. 9-10, pp. 943–956, 2003. 
•         J. Foxlee, “Whale watching in Hervey Bay,” Parks and Leisure Australia, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 17–18, 2001.
•         G. Mayes, P. Dyer, and H. Richins, “Dolphin-human interaction: pro-environmental attitudes, beliefs, and intended behaviours and actions of participants in interpretation programs: a pilot study,” Annals of Leisure Research, vol. 7, pp. 34–53, 2004.
•         M. S. Andersen and M. L. Miller, “Onboard marine environmental education: whale watching in the San Juan islands, Washington,” Tourism in Marine Environments, vol. 2, pp. 111–118, 2006.
•         G. Mayes and H. Richins, “Dolphin watch tourism: two differing examples of sustainable practices and proenvironmental outcomes,” Tourism in Marine Environments, vol. 5, no. 2-3, pp. 201–214, 2008. 
•      H. Zeppei and S. Muloin, “Conservation and education benefits of interpretation on marine wildlife tours,” Tourism in Marine Environments, vol. 5, no. 2-3, pp. 215–227, 2008a. 
•         H. Zeppel and S. Muloin, “Conservation benefits of interpretation on marine wildlife tours,” Human Dimensions of Wildlife, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 280–294, 2008b. 
•         R. Ballantyne, J. Packer, and K. Hughes, “Tourists' support for conservation messages and sustainable management practices in wildlife tourism experiences,” Tourism Management, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 658–664, 2009. 
•         J. B. Ambler, Whales and the people who watch them: baleen whales in Virginia’s near-shore waters and the educational and conservation potential of whale watching [Doctoral thesis], George Mason University, VirginiaVa, USA, 2011.\
Photo credits: EIA, SeaLifeSurveys, HWDT, Alan Whaley, Naomi Rose, Chris Parsons, Carol Scarpaci

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